This study reveals that the watermelon motif in late Joseon dynasty painting and craft reflects complex social contexts such as literati culture, filial piety, and ritual, beyond a simple desire for many children. Watermelons in paintings were appreciated for their internal structure, and white porcelain ewers imitating the shape of a watermelon were produced in craft, among other expressions. This confirms that the watermelon in the late Joseon dynasty was a unique visual cultural material with distinct social meanings.